How a 1980s sound chip works
The MSX AY-3-8910 programmable sound generator, running live in your browser. Turn the knobs, watch the registers, hear what changes.
Click a block to follow the signal path into that stage, or go straight to the full sandbox or the reference.
An emulator hides the chip behind a black box, and a datasheet never makes a sound. This site puts the signal path on screen instead: three tone generators, the noise generator, the mixer, amplitude and the envelope, all adjustable while the chip is running. Chip behaviour is verified against the openMSX emulator.